واحد مشترک کمکی پژوهش و مهندسی «هوش یار-تواندار»     (HT-CSURE)

واحد مشترک کمکی پژوهش و مهندسی «هوش یار-تواندار» (HT-CSURE)

Hooshyar-Tavandar Common Subsidiary Unit for Research & Engineering
واحد مشترک کمکی پژوهش و مهندسی «هوش یار-تواندار»     (HT-CSURE)

واحد مشترک کمکی پژوهش و مهندسی «هوش یار-تواندار» (HT-CSURE)

Hooshyar-Tavandar Common Subsidiary Unit for Research & Engineering

ایلان ماسک: رابط مغز و کامپیوتر ضامن بقای انسان‌هاست

BCI تضمین‌کننده امنیت
اظهارنظر جنجالی ایلان ماسک: رابط مغز و کامپیوتر ضامن بقای انسان‌ها
ایلان ماسک در جریان کنفرانس Recode’s Code که سال گذشته میلادی برگزار شد، پیشنهاد ساخت یک شبکه توری عصبی را داد. سازوکار پیشرفته‌ای که به انسان‌ها اجازه می‌دهد به شکل دقیق و هدفمندی در آینده بر هوش مصنوعی تسلط داشته باشند. ماسک یکبار دیگر و در جریان اجلاس جهانی دبی بر لزوم داشتن چنین رابطی تاکید کرد.

زمانی که بخش عظیمی از منابع مختلف همچون انرژی در اختیار هوش مصنوعی قرار بگیرد و این فناوری سیطره قدرت خود را به طور کامل بر جوامع بشری بگستراند، آن‌گاه چه کاری از دست انسان‌ها برخواهد آمد؟ در آن زمان فناوری چگونه قادر خواهد بود برای حل این مشکل راه‌حلی در اختیار ما قرار دهد؟ روزگاری که در آن ماشین‌ها به شکل تغییرناپذیری با زندگی ما عجین شده‌اند.


مطلب پیشنهادی

به راستی هوش مصنوعی یک تهدید است؟
بررسی سناریوهای احتمالی

ایلان ماسک در جریان اجلاس جهانی دبی که روز دوشنبه برگزار شد، درباره قابلیت‌های رابط مغز و کامپیوتر یا همان توری عصبی که پیش از این ایده ساخت آن‌را مطرح کرده بود سخن گفت. او در این اجلاس به شکل واضح‌تر و روشن‌تری دلایلی را برشمرد که نشان می‌دهند در آینده روابط ما با ماشین‌ها شکل عمیق‌تری پیدا خواهد کرد و ما در آینده به شکل ملموس‌تری از دستگاه‌های محاسباتی استفاده خواهیم کرد. در آن زمان هوش مصنوعی و هوش انسانی در تعامل بسیار نزدیکی با یکدیگر قرار خواهند داشت، به واسطه آن‌که پهنای باند به شکل باورنکردنی افزایش پیدا خواهد کرد.


مطلب پیشنهادی

فناوری هراس‌انگیز ایلان ماسک برای مقابله با هوش مصنوعی
دانشمندان به دنبال استخراج اطلاعات از مغز مردگان و همزیستی با هوش مصنوعی هستند

ایده ساخت توری عصبی این قابلیت را در اختیار انسان‌ها قرار می‌دهد تا به طور مستقیم با کامپیوترها ارتباط برقرار کنند. در آینده پهنای باند بیشتر و زمان تاخیر بسیار کمتری در مقایسه با فناوری‌های رایج امروزی همچون ماوس و صفحه‌کلید در اختیار خواهیم داشت. او در این ارتباط گفته است: «در آینده نزدیک شاهد همزیستی هوش مصنوعی و هوش زیستی خواهیم بود. این همزیستی به ما این توانایی را خواهد داد تا به شکل سودمندتری با ماشین‌ها ارتباط برقرار کرده و مشکلات را حل کنیم. به اعتقاد من کلید حل تعدادی از مشکلات امروزی در این همزیستی مستتر شده است.»

پتانسیل بالای هوش مصنوعی تنها محدود به انجام یکسری کارهای خاص یا انجام بهتر وظایف نمی‌شود. هوش مصنوعی این قابلیت را دارد تا فراتر از تصورات سازندگان خود ظاهر شود. همانند نمونه‌ای که پیش از این از سوی الگوریتم هوش مصنوعی گوگل شاهد آن بودیم که موفق شد سازندگان خود را غافل‌گیر کند. هوش مصنوعی این توانایی را دارد تا به سرعت به دستگاه‌های مرتبط به شبکه متصل شود. سرعت بسیار بالای کامپیوترها در انتقال و بازیابی اطلاعات بسیار بسیار فراتر از آن تایپ کردن یا حتا محاوره‌های صوتی است.

ماسک می‌گوید: «اگر از اثرگذاری حال حاضر هوش مصنوعی بر جوامع بشری صرفنظر می‌کنیم، مشاهده می‌کنیم که این فناوری به شکل بسیار سریعی در ماشین‌های خودران پیشرفت کرده است. این ماشین‌ها به مرور زمان جایگزین رانندگان امروزی خواهند شد. این موضوع نشان می‌دهد این الگوریتم‌های هوشمند به لحاظ رعایت نکات ایمنی و سرعت بر رانندگان امروزی ارجحیت دارند. این‌گونه به نظر می‌رسد که امروزه در اختیار داشتن ماشین‌های خودران به اولویت بزرگ بسیاری از مردم تبدیل شده است. اما به این نکته توجه داشته باشید مغز انسان برای آن‌که بتواند همانند هوش مصنوعی با سرعت بالا اطلاعات را مورد بازیابی قرار دهد باید تکامل پیدا کند.» 

آشنایی با بنیاد "قایق نجات زندگی" lifeboat Foundation

lifeboat.com

The Lifeboat Foundation is a nonprofit nongovernmental organization dedicated to encouraging scientific advancements while helping humanity survive existential risks and possible misuse of increasingly powerful technologies, including genetic engineering, nanotechnology, and robotics/AI, as we move towards the Singularity.
Lifeboat Foundation is pursuing a variety of options, including helping to accelerate the development of technologies to defend humanity such as new methods to combat viruses, effective nanotechnological defensive strategies, and even self-sustaining space colonies in case the other defensive strategies fail.



مرتبط:    related:

- A-PRIZE of the Lifeboat Foundation

- LifeShield Bunkers of the Lifeboat Foundation

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A-PRIZE of the Lifeboat Foundation

Purpose

The purpose of the A-PRIZE is to put development of artificial life forms in the open where it should be. Today, many efforts at developing artificial life are not well publicized. The A-PRIZE serves as a clearing house for information about the race to “Break the Carbon Barrier”. With mega-universities and companies racing to create nonbiological life, now is the time for such a clearing house.
 
With the reality that Nanobiotechnology (in its various guises including Synthetic Biology, Artificial Life, Biological Engineering, etc.) is pouring billions per year into the global race to break through the Carbon Barrier, now is the time to focus on this issue.
 
A bacterium with nonstandard DNA would be immune to bacteriophages, and would therefore have a much higher chance of becoming a broadly successful invasive species. That could devastate ecosystems on a scale that we don’t know the limits of. So let’s try to handle the development of artificial life in an open and responsible way by putting development in the open and engaging in development in a safe manner.
 

Overview

The A-PRIZE was developed by our Scientific Advisory Board member Alan H. Goldstein who coauthored the National Research Council’s triennial review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI). Input was also provided by other members of our Scientific Advisory Board including Mark A. Rothstein. Read our interview with Alan H. Goldstein!
 
It is awarded to the person or organization responsible for creating an Animat/Artificial life form with an emphasis on the safety of the researchers, public, and environment OR the person or organization who shows that an Animat/Artificial life form has been created. (The second case is to uncover unpublicized or unsafe projects.)
 
For nearly half a century, SETI efforts have Searched for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence. Instead of searching for alien life outside our planet, the Lifeboat Foundation has decided to take the opposite approach and to search for “alien” life on this planet. We call our efforts “Finding Artificial Life Created by Nanobiotechnology” (FALCN, which is pronounced like falcon).
 
In 1978 the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans and Hamilton O. Smith for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics. In an editorial comment in the journal Gene, Wacław Szybalski wrote: “The work on restriction nucleases not only permits us easily to construct recombinant DNA molecules and to analyze individual genes but also has led us into the new era of synthetic biology where not only existing genes are described and analyzed but also new gene arrangements can be constructed and evaluated”.
 
We feel it is time to begin the search because considerable advancements in synthetic biology have been made recently. For example, we now have an International Conference on Synthetic Biology. At the most recent conference, our Scientific Advisory Board member Stephen M. Maurer was author of a groundbreaking proposal to finally have a code of conduct for the field of synthetic biology which unfortunately was not accepted at that meeting.
 
Because of rejections of proposals such as Maurer’s there is no coherent federal regulation or plans to develop coherent regulation of emerging fields such as nanobiotechnology/synthetic biology/artificial life. Worldwide, the situation is entirely chaotic.
 

What is an Animat?

This term was developed by Alan H. Goldstein. In his article I, Nanobot, he suggested that a new state of life be named after the contraction of the term “anima-materials” — “animats”. This artificial life form (most likely nanobiotechnology based) must meet the following tests:
A = Devices that can survive and function in our ecosphere, for example inside human beings.
 
B = Devices that can derive energy from biological metabolism. Many nanomedical devices will be powered by the fuel available inside the human body. A common idea is to take our own glucose-oxidizing enzymes and use them as a fuel cell for the nanobiobot.
 
C = Devices capable of copying themselves by molecular self-assembly. Note that any information necessary for the animat’s operations cannot be stored in DNA or RNA or any other methods that are discovered to be used naturally by life on Earth. The corollary: If the information necessary to execute the animat’s operations can be stored in DNA or RNA, then the animat is really biological and is not an animat.
So A + B + C = a self-replicating device capable of living in our ecosphere, powered by fuel available in our ecosphere = Animat.
 
Learn more about the Animat Test!
 

A-PRIZE Taxonomic System

Taxonomic System For Current And Near-Future Life Forms On Earth: Because Molecular Engineering (a.k.a. Nanobiotechnology) is already a reality, we must develop careful terminology in order to characterize the novel life forms that will emerge from this revolutionary endeavor. This table may be considered as a first attempt to create a coherent, fully inclusive set of Life Form Types, i.e. to create an expanded taxonomy that can accommodate the products of Molecular Engineering. Life Form Types are defined based on how a given life form functions and how it came into being. It is crucial to recognize that Molecular Engineering will ultimately result in every possible permutation and combination of these Life Form Types.
 
It is unlikely that a fully functional Synthetic Nonbiological Life Form (a.k.a. an Animat — see Type 4 below) will come into being in the near future. Therefore, the Carbon BarrierTM is defined as the moment in the evolution of human Molecular Engineering when we first create an organism that must execute at least one synthetic nonbiological operation in order to complete its life cycle. The person or group that verifiably creates such an organism with an emphasis on the safety of the researchers, public, and environment, OR the person or group that provides information leading to the discovery that such an organism has been created will win the A-PRIZE.
 
Taxonomy System
 
The Life Form Type Natural Biological has the defining characteristics that Natural Biological Life Forms are limited to organisms wherein all the information necessary to execute the minimum set of physical and chemical operations necessary to complete a life cycle must be stored in DNA and/or RNA. In addition these life forms must either have come about by terrestrial evolution, or via manipulation by Homo sapiens at or above the cellular level of organismal structure.
 
Humans have been genetically manipulating biological life forms such as crop plants for thousands of years via conventional breeding. This definition allows anything down to the product(s) of in vitro fertilization to qualify as a Type 1 Life Form.
 
The Life Form Type Genetically-Engineered Biological has the defining characteristics that Genetically-Engineered Biological Life Forms also conform to the rule that all information necessary to execute the minimum set of physical and chemical operations necessary to complete a life cycle must be stored in DNA and/or RNA. Type 2 Life Forms are created via direct intervention of humans below the cellular level of organization but this intervention uses a “top-down” strategy whereby existing biomolecules are rearranged or chemically modified.
 
In addition to recombinant DNA and the other standard molecular biology tools of biotechnology (e.g. protein engineering, pathway engineering etc.) Type 2 Life Forms would include those created by subcellular methods such as somatic nuclear transfer.
 
The Life Form Type Synthetic Biological has the defining characteristics that Synthetic Biological Life Forms also conform to the rule that all information necessary to execute the minimum set of physical and chemical operations necessary to complete a life cycle must be stored in DNA and/or RNA. Rather than use pre-existing biomolecules, Type 3 Life Forms are created via direct human intervention using a ‘bottom-up’ strategy whereby the minimum number of biomolecules necessary to initiate life cycling (DNA, RNA, proteins, the bounding membrane of a synthetic cell, etc.) are synthesized and assembled in the laboratory de novo from nonliving chemical precursors.
 
The definition of a Type 3 Life Form brings up many interesting questions. For example, if we could synthesize and assemble all the components of a specific strain of E. coli (say K-12) and it began to grow and divide, would it’s progeny be considered Type 3 or Type 1 Life Forms? These issues can only be addressed after we have developed a coherent set of life form definitions.
 
The Life Form Type Synthetic Nonbiological (Animat) has the defining characteristics that Synthetic Nonbiological Life Forms absolutely must not conform to the rule that all information necessary to execute the minimum set of physical and chemical operations necessary to complete a life cycle must be stored in DNA and/or RNA. In fact, the exact opposite condition must be imposed as a taxonomic requirement. A completely Synthetic Nonbiological Life Form would not use any biomolecules to store information or execute life cycle operations. Any such organism would be considered a fully functional Animat.
 
The highest probability is that the first Synthetic Nonbiological Life on Earth will appear in hybrid organisms where one or more essential life cycle operations must be carried out using chemistry outside the parameters set for of the Biological Life. In fact, over the next decade we will see the emergence of Multi-hybrid Life Forms containing Natural, Genetically Engineered, and Synthetic Biological components as well as one or more Synthetic Nonbiological components.
 

What is the Carbon Barrier?

Nanobiotechnology is expected to eliminate the difference between living and nonliving materials, thereby ending biology’s monopoly on life… Alan H. Goldstein has termed that monopoly the “Carbon Barrier”.
 

Judges

The first phase of judging is to determine if proper safety precautions have been taken. Our safety judges are: Russell Blackford, Alan H. Goldstein, Joseph D. Miller, and Philippe Van Nedervelde. All judges must agree that proper safety precautions have been taken for an award to be given. Let us know if you are qualified to be a safety judge!
 
The second phase of judging is to determine if an animat has been created. Our animat judges are: Alan H. Goldstein and Joseph D. Miller. All judges must agree that an animat has been created for an award to be given. Let us know if you are qualified to be a animat judge!
 

Prize

Besides creating an animat, two additional items must be submitted to receive the prize: (1) a description of the measures taken by the researchers to ensure the safety of researchers, the public, and the environment during the course of the research; and (2) an analysis of the ethical, legal, and social implications of the research, along with an indication of what societal measures are needed to maximize the benefits and eliminate or minimize the possible harms flowing from the discovery.
 
We are looking for donors to add to the prize total. To collect the prize money, submit winning entries to a-prize@lifeboat.com.
 

Notes and References

Artificial Life Likely in 3 to 10 Years, Seth Borenstein, AP – August 19, 2007.
 
I am creating artificial life, declares US gene pioneer, Ed Pilkington, The Guardian, October 6, 2007.
 
I, Nanobot by Alan H. Goldstein – March 9, 2006.
 
Life, Reinvented: A group of MIT engineers wanted to model the biological world. But, damn, some of nature’s designs were complicated! So they started rebuilding from the ground up — and gave birth to synthetic biology, Oliver Morton, Wired – January, 2005.
 
Regenesis, Matthew Herper, Forbes – August 18, 2006.
 
Tweaking Genes in the Basement, Allen Riddell – July 6, 2006.
 
The Ultimate Right to Life Debate: Synthetic biologists know the meaning of life, but do they know the meaning of synthetic biology? by Alan H. Goldstein – September, 2006.

Important Career Lessons Most People Learn Too Late In Life

10 Important Career Lessons Most People Learn Too Late In Life

Bernard Marr

Keep your head down and your nose to the grindstone. That’s what a lot of us were taught to believe about work. But is it really the best strategy?     iii

I find that people often take this sort of advice to heart — and then learn too late in their careers that there’s more to life (and success) than just keeping busy

I’ve gathered up my top 10 lessons you should take to heart now, before it’s too late!           iii

  1. Life is short. Here’s the thing: Life is too short to put up with a job you hate, a boss who demeans you, or a company with no soul. Many people convince themselves that they can put up with a job or career situation that makes them unhappy because they need the income, because they don’t know if they can find another job, or for some other reason. But the truth is none of us knows how long we have on this earth, and spending too much of it in a bad situation will only make you miserable and regretful. If you’re in this situation, take a step today — no matter how small — toward a better situation.
  2. Social networks matter. You might think that networking events are dull, that it’s boring to chat with coworkers around the watercooler, or that you’re simply a born introvert, but study after study confirms that social networks are vital to our success. In fact, the most successful people tend to have the broadest and most diverse social networks. The more time and effort you put into nurturing your social networks, the more successful you are likely to be.
  3. Sacrificing your health for success or wealth isn’t worth it. Many driven, successful people have a hard time creating work/life balance and can end up burning out or developing serious health problems from stress and overwork. The truth is, it’s much easier to stay healthy than to heal from a problem or disease — and no amount of success or money can replace your health. Don’t take your health for granted and take steps to mitigate stress that could cause problems later.
  4. None of the best moments of your life will take place looking at a screen. In our connected world, it’s tempting to let all the little screens we have access to dictate our lives. But you’ll never reach the end of your life wishing you’d spent more time checking email on your phone. Disconnect regularly and experience real life
  5. Never stop learning. With the rate at which technologies are changing today, if you decide that you are “done” learning, you will be left behind within a matter of years, if not sooner. The idea that you can’t teach an old dog new tricks is blatantly false, and you will never wake up and regret having invested in your mind by learning something new
  6. Diversify. Hand in hand with learning, if you stick to only doing what you know, or what you are good at, you may quickly find that you’re only good at one thing. We need to be agile, nimble, and interested in many different things. Otherwise, you could get stuck in a job or career you don’t love, or that goes with the times. Think of the taxi driver threatened by Uber or the customer service person replaced by a chatbot. 
  7. You can go fast alone, but you can go farther together. In other words, teamwork makes the dream work. Many people claim they don’t like to work in teams, but the ability to work well in teams is vital if you want to succeed. The idea of the solo auteur is a myth; every big idea needs a team to make it happen
  8. Worrying doesn’t achieve anything. The antidote to fear and anxiety is action and hustle. If you’re wasting time because you’re afraid to pursue an idea, speak up, or are worried what others will think of you, you won’t achieve your goals. If you push through the worry and the fear, however, and take action, you’ll almost always find that you were worried about nothing
  9. Failure is not an end. If you give up when you fail, you’ll never learn anything. Instead, look at failure as an opportunity, as the beginning of a new journey. If you do, you’re much more likely to try again and succeed at something else
  10. Happiness is a journey, not a destination. So many people put off their happiness; they think, “I’ll be happy when I get that job, when I lose that weight, when I’m in a relationship, when I’m out of a relationship…” and so on. But we can choose to be happy. Happiness is a habit and a choice. No matter what your situation, if you can approach it with an attitude of happiness, you will be more successful

اینفوگرافیک: چگونه حتی وقتی حسش را ندارید از خودتان کار بکشید

14 راه برای غلبه بر خواب‌آلودگی، درجا زدن، یا پشت گوش انداختن کارها و در عوض انگیزه‌مند شدن


چگونه برای خودتان انگیزه ایجاد می‌کنید؟  زمانی که رئیس خودتان باشید انگیزه‌ خود را حفظ کردن کار دشواریست، و و زمانی دشواری آن دو چندان می‌شود که می‌بینید در حالی که شما سرتان شلوغ است، بقیه در حال خوشگذرانی و سفر و استراحت هستند.

در اینفوگرافی زیر 14 راه برای مقابله با درجا زدن و انجام کارهایتان به شما معرفی می‌کنیم. این استراتژی‌ها بسیار هوشمندانه، و بر اساس تجربه من بسیار هم کارآمد هستند. به خصوص پیاده‌روی در راه انداختن موتور مغز بسیار موثر است، پدیده‌ای که علم نیز از آن حمایت می‌کند؛ و تقسیم کردن کارهای به قسمت‌های کوچک و انجام شدنی نه تنها باعث شد تا در زمان فشرده استارتاپ خود را راه‌اندازی کنم، بلکه اساس کلی کتابم The Bite-Sized Entrepreneur را نیز به قلم درآورم.

به عبارت دیگر، این مسائل شدنیست. دفعه بعدی که در حال سخت کار کردن هستید و بقیه در خواب شیرین به سر می‌برند، سعی کنید چند مورد یا اصلا همه آنها را بکار گیرید. در ادامه با اسکیل ما همراه باشید.



منبع: www.inc.com


بازنشر و استفاده از مقالات اسکیل ما، به هر شکلی تنها با ذکر نام "اسکیل ما" در بخش منابع و ارائه هایپرلینک مجاز می باشد.

 


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