واحد مشترک کمکی پژوهش و مهندسی «هوش یار-تواندار»     (HT-CSURE)

واحد مشترک کمکی پژوهش و مهندسی «هوش یار-تواندار» (HT-CSURE)

Hooshyar-Tavandar Common Subsidiary Unit for Research & Engineering
واحد مشترک کمکی پژوهش و مهندسی «هوش یار-تواندار»     (HT-CSURE)

واحد مشترک کمکی پژوهش و مهندسی «هوش یار-تواندار» (HT-CSURE)

Hooshyar-Tavandar Common Subsidiary Unit for Research & Engineering

Gamma Rays Can Go Past the Limits of Light

Display Materials and Components

Gamma Rays Can Go Past the Limits of Light

20 October 2017

Researchers have discovered a way to produce high energy photon beams. This method makes it possible to produce gamma rays in a highly efficient way when compared to today’s technique. The obtained energy is a billion times higher than the energy of photons in visible light. High-intensity gamma rays significantly exceed all known limits of light and will pay the way towards new fundamental studies.

"When we exceed the limit of what is currently possible, we can see deeper into the basic elements of nature. We can dive into the deepest part of the atomic nuclei," says Arkady Gonoskov, a researcher at the Department of Physics at Chalmers University of Technology.




Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves, just like visible light or X-rays, but with much higher energy. The most energetic gamma rays in the world could be created by the help of advanced laser physics. When the laser light is intense enough and all parameters are right, trapped particles (green) could efficiently convert the laser energy (surfaces in red, orange and yellow) into cascades of super-high energy photons (pink). (Arkady Gonoskov)


Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves, just like visible light or X-rays, but with much higher energy. The most energetic gamma rays in the world could be created by the help of advanced laser physics. When the laser light is intense enough and all parameters are right, trapped particles (green) could efficiently convert the laser energy (surfaces in red, orange and yellow) into cascades of super-high energy photons (pink). (Arkady Gonoskov)



This new method is the outcome of collaboration is an outcome of collaboration between Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden, Institute of Applied Physics and Lobachevsky University in Russia and the University of Plymouth in the UK. Physicists in different fields have managed to work out the numerical models and analytic estimates for simulating the ultra-strong gamma rays in a new and somehow unexpected way.

In normal cases, if a laser pulse is shot at an object, all the particles scatter. But if the laser light is intense enough and all parameters are right, the researchers found that the particles are trapped instead. They form a cloud where particles of matter and antimatter are created and start to behave in a special and unusual way.

"The cloud of trapped particles efficiently converts the laser energy into cascades of high energy photons - phenomena that is very fortunate. It's an amazing thing that the photons from this source can be of such high energy," says Mattias Marklund, a professor at the Department of Physics at Chalmers.

The discovery is highly relevant for the future large-scale facilities that are currently under development. The most intense light sources on earth will be produced in these research facilities that are as big as football fields.

"Our concept is already part of the experimental program proposed for one such facility: Exawatt Center for Extreme Light Studies in Russia. We still don't know where these studies will lead us, but we know that there are yet things to be discovered within nuclear physics, for example, new sources of energy. With fundamental studies, you can aim at something and end up discovering something completely different - which is more interesting and important," says Arkady Gonoskov.




A paper on this research was published in Physical Review X

To contact the author of this article, email Siobhan.Treacy@ieeeglobalspec.com


از درسهای فیزیک به زبان ساده در لینکدین

فیزیک بزبان ساده(۲۵)

آزمایشهایی که مفهوم واقعیت رو از هم پاشیدند!

۹۶/۷/۲۰

آزمایشهایی که مفهوم واقعیت رو از هم پاشیدند:

۱- آیادرمقیاس کوانتومی،مشاهده جریان برق در یک ماده رسانامیتونه جهت حرکت الکترونها رو معکوس بکند یا باعث بشه حرارت در جهت معکوس، یعنی از محیط‌ سرد به محیط گرم حرکت بکند؟ بله! منبع و نتایج در کامنت ۱

۲- آیامشاهده یک ذره کوانتومی، میتونه ماهیت اون ذره رو عوض بکند؟ بله! منبع و نتایج در کامنت ۲

۳- آیادر زمان حال، میتونیم ماهیت یک واقعیت که در گذشته اتفاق افتاده رو تغییربدیم؟ بله! منبع و نتایج در کامنت۳و۴

Physics Simplified(25)

12Oct17

Can we change the past? Photons are sent to the double-slit, unobserved, and pass through as waves. Then, camera is turned on and photons immediately form 2 parallel lines, meaning THEY TRANSFORMED FROM WAVE TO PARTICLES BECAUSE WE TRIED TO OBSERVE THEM. This experiment questions the very meaning of Reality as we know it


پس از آزمایشهای کوانتومی‌ زیاد، طی۹۰ سال گذشته، علم فیزیک کوانتوم ثابت کرد: هیچ واقعه ای بطور قطع(یقین) اتفاق نیافتاده تا زمانیکه مشاهده یا اندازه گیری بشه. نتایجی که در کامنتهای۱تا۷میبینیم، ثابت میکنند که خواست انسان به دانستن حقیقت(هوش/معرفت)، در بعد کوانتومی، بر‌عالم مادی/فیزیکی مستقیما تاثیر‌ میگذاره. دانشمندان تمامی این آزمایشها رو بر روی ذرات سازنده ماده(فوتون و الکترون) اثبات کردن. بحث: علم(دانش تجربی) و معرفت(دانش فراتجربی)



کامنت ۱


میدونیم که جهت حرکت الکترونها(برق)در یک ماده رسانا معلوم هست و نیز بر اساس قوانین ترمودینامیک، گرما همیشه از محیط گرم بسمت محیط سرد حرکت میکنه. ولی، دانشمندان نشون دادن(مقاله زیر) که در یک دستگاه ترموالکتریک عادی، وقتی تصمیم میگیریم ماهیت این وقایع فیزیکی(حرکت ااکترونها و حرارت در یک جسم رسانا) رو در مقیاس کوانتومی تبیین بکنیم و ابزاردقیق مناسب رو نصب میکنیم، جهت حرکت الکترونها و نیز جهت حرکت گرما معکوس میشه.‌ مگه ممکنه؟ بله!! و این نتایج طی ۹۰ سال گذشته مرتبا تکرار شدن. تاریخ چاپ این‌مقاله رو ببینید، ۲ روز پیش. از سال۱۹۲۷ تاامروز حدودا ۹۰ ساله که دانشمندان مرتب این تیپ آزمایشها رو تکرار کردن و دیگه میدونن که اراده و خواست انسان به کسب معرفت نسبت به ماهیت عالم ماده، یعنی حرکت بسمت کسب معرفت/هوش، بر‌عالم مادی مستقیما تاثیر میگذاره. این حرکت و اراده و نیت بسمت کسب معرفت (دانش فراتجربی) رو در پستهای بعد بیشتر میشکافیم. این حرکت از حدودا ۱۹۸۰ بین دانشمندان، بخصوص فیزیکدانان، شتاب گرفت. این حرکت، حرکتیست بسمت وصل به منشا معرفت(دانش فراتجربی) و بسمت منشا شناخت فراحسی(شهودی)... (پستهای‌بعد)

  http://www.sciencealert.com/physicists-proved-energy-can-flow-against-the-current-on-the-quantum-scale

We demonstrate that in a standard thermo-electric nanodevice the current and heat flows are not only dictated by the temperature and pote



کامنت ۲


خلاصه آزمایشهای کوانتومی ش ۱ و ۲ (تصویر): فوتونها بسمت صفحه استاندارد یانگ(دوشیاره) فرستاده میشن. دوربین(فوتون‌شمار) قبل از صفحه یانگ نصب شده. اگه دوربین خاموش باشه، فوتونها از خودشون ماهیت موج بروز میدن ولی وقتی بخواهیم ماهیت ذره رو بشناسیم(هوش/معرفت) و دوربین رو روشن کنیم، بر ماهیت فوتون(واقعیت) تاثیر میگذاریم و فوتونها ماهیت ذره بروز میدن. حالا، دوربین رو بذاریم بعد از صفحه استاندارد و رو به صفحه پشتی و فوتونهاروبعدازعبورازصفحه یانگ مشاهده کنیم. دقت کنیم: دوربین خاموش بود و فوتونها بصورت موج از صفحه یانگ رد شدن. تموم شد. واقعه ای در گذشته انجام شد. پس در زمان حال هم فوتونها باید موج باشن روی صفحه پشتی بصورت چندین خط موازی ظاهر بشن، یعنی ماهیت موجی خودشون رو‌بروز بدن(بر طبق آزمایشهای ۱ و ۲). ولی بمحض اینکه دوربین(که بعد از صفحه یانگ و مشرف به صفحه پشتی نصب شده) روشن‌میشه، فوتونها فورا ماهیت ذره از خودشون بروز میدن!!! یعنی عملی که ما در زمان حال انجام دادیم(قصد رصد فوتونها یا قصد شناخت ماهیت اونها و کسب معرفت) واقعیتی که در گذشته انجام شده بود(موج بودن فوتونها)رو عوض کردیم!!! مگه فوتونها بصورت موج از صفحه یانگ رد نشده بودن؟ مگه موج نبودن؟ چرا روی صفحه پشتی بصورت ذره ظاهر میشن؟ درکامنت ۱ هم دیدیم: قصد انسان به شناخت ماهیت عالم مادی و کسب معرفت، مستقیما بر ماهیت عالم فیزیکی تاثیر میگذاره.



کامنت ۳


جزییات آزمایش "کوانتومی تاخیری" : Delayed Choice Quantum Experiment فوتونها از صفحه استاندارد یانگ (دوشیاره) گذشتن و دوربین خاموش بوده. میدونیم که فوتونها بصورت موج از صفحه یانگ گذشتن و دارن میان و اگه دوربینی که ثبت فوتونها بر روی صفحه پشتی رو رصد میکنه، خاموش باشه، فوتونها روی صفحه پشتی بصورت موج  ظاهر میشن. ولی اگه قبل از ثبت فوتونها بر روی صفحه پشتی، دوربین فوتون‌شمار رو روشن کنیم، فوتونها فوری تغییر ماهیت میدن و بصورت ذره روی صفحه پشتی ظاهر میشن.  ما(انسانها) با خواستمون برای درک‌ ماهیت وجودی فوتون(نور)، ماهیتش رو از موج به ذره تغییر میدیم. چون معرفت ما در حد شناخت ذره هست و موج بودن (وصل بودن) خودمون رو فراموش کردیم. در اصل، نور بودیم(موج بودیم) ولی دچار نسیان شدیم(انسان شدیم) و روزگار وصل خویش را فراموش کردیم. میتونیم بازجوییم روزگار وصل خویش/ اگر حقیقتا بازجوییم اصل خویش




کامنت ۴


توضیحات بیشتر و کلیپ کامل برای دانشجویان عزیز: در سال ۱۹۷۸، پروفسور جان ویلر که هم دانشجوی انیشتن بود و هم دانشجوی پلانک، آزمایشی رو طرح کرد بنام "مشاهده کوانتومی با تاخیر"، که در کامنت ۳ دیدیم. در کلیپ زیر، جزییات کامل این آزمایش نشون داده میشه. امیدوارم دانشجویان عزیز با دید باز به این جزییات توجه بفرمایند. این نتایج و نیز نتایج هزاران آزمایش مشابه از ۱۹۲۷ تا بامروز (از جمله مقاله ای که در کامنت ۱ ارائه شد، بتاریخ ۲ روز قبل) ثابت میکنند که خواست بشر به تبیین ماهیت عالم ماده(یعنی خواست به کسب معرفت/هوش) مستقیما بر واقعیات فیزیکی(عالم مادی) تاثیرگذار هست.

The choices we make NOW influences what has already happened IN THE PAST

https://youtu.be/H6HLjpj4Nt4


کامنت ۵

آزمایش "مشاهده کوانتومی تاخیری" که جان ویلر طراحی کرد، نه تنها با استفاده از نور لیزر، بلکه برای نور ساطع شده از ستاره ها نیز انجام شد و نتیجه مشابه بدست اومد. به این شکل: نوری که از یک ستاره ساطع شده و بوسیله تلسکوپ دریافت شده رو به روش "مشاهده تاخیری" آزمایش کردند و تایید شد که اگه قبل از مشاهده اون نور(فوتون)، دوربین فوتون شمار روشن نباشه، نور(فوتون)بصورت موج ظاهر میشه(تصویرسمت چپ) و اگه دوربین فوتون‌شمار رو روشن کنیم، فوتونها از خودشون‌ماهیت ذره بروز میدن. بازهم میبینیم که اگه انسان بخواد ماهیت وجودی خودش یا بقول مولانا "اصل خویش" رو بشناسه، میتونه ولی نه از راه علم تجربی و دنیای ماده. پیام فوتونها اینه: میخوایی خودت رو بشناسی، دنبال معرفت(علم فراتجربی) باش. راهش چیه؟ شناخت فراحسی(شهودی). در پستهای بعد، روند تاریخی سیر معنوی فیزیکدانان بسمت عرفان رو از ۱۹۲۷ تا بامروز با هم مرور خواهیم داشت. البته، قبل از اون، در‌پست بعد(ش۲۶)، آزمایش شماره ۵ که آخرین آزمایش کوانتومی نیز هست رو میبینیم. اهمیت آزمایش ش۵ در توصیف کیفیت و ذات وصل فوتونی(نورانی) هست. خواهیم دید که اگه از طریق کسب معرفت، به مقام وصل نورانی برسیم، هرچقدر روزگار ما رو بپیچونه، باز هم اصل خویش را فراموش نخواهیم نمود. دیگه این انسان دچار نسیانی‌که موجب فصل او شده‌بود، نخواهد بود. محرم هوش، جز بیهوش نیست ...

کامنت ۶
جهت مطالعه دوستانی که به منابع بیشتر نیاز دارند


کامنت ۷
یک‌مقاله کلیدی: " هیچ واقعیت مادی، قطعی و یقینی نیست تا زمانیکه مشاهده و اندازه گیری شود".








SONY & Other Corporations Have Been Quietly Researching & Developing Technology Based On ESP-***

  We're creating viewer supported news. Become a member!

“We didn’t know how to explain it, but we weren’t so much interested in explaining it as determining whether there was any practical use to it.”

The quote above comes from Major General Edmund R. Thompson, Army Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence from 1977-81. He was referring to the investigation of “psychic phenomena,” otherwise known as psi. Psi includes the study of intuition, mind-body connection, psychokinesis, telepathy, precognition, clairvoyance, remote viewing, and much more.

Although hundreds of peer-reviewed studies have produced statistically significant results in this realm over the decades, psi is still greeted with unwarranted skepticism and disbelief.

“The discovery of truth is presented more effectively, not by the false appearance of things present and which mislead into error, not directly by weakness of the reasoning powers, but by preconceived opinion, by prejudice.”

– Arthur Schopenhauer, German philosopher (1788-1860)

The 1995 declassification of the U.S. Government’s Stargate Program, which studied remote viewing — the ability of a person to describe a remote geographical location up to several hundred thousand kilometers from their actual physical location — proved their ongoing interest in this subject. This program lasted more than two decades, and was used multiple times, successfully, to collect intelligence from various locations.

They also studied precognition. Physicist and author Russell Targ, who pioneered the development of the laser and laser applications, also co-founded this program in conjunction with the Stanford Research Institute (SRI). You can view a recent talk he gave that was cancelled by TED, “Everything I know About ESP,” here.

When this program was declassified, the American Institutes for Research reviewed it, and both reviewers concluded:

The statistical results of the studies examined are far beyond what is expected by chance. Arguments that these results could be due to methodological flaws in the experiments are soundly refuted. Effects of similar magnitude to those found in government-sponsored research at SRI and SAIC have been replicated at a number of laboratories across the world. Such consistency cannot be readily explained by claims of flaws or fraud.

Even as far back as 1985, a report prepared by the Army Research Institute disclosed that “the data reviewed in this report constitute genuine scientific anomalies for which no one has an adequate explanation for.”

A 1999 a statistics professor at UC Irvine published a paper showing that parapsychological experiments have produced much stronger results than those showing a daily dose of aspirin helps prevent a heart attack.

The list goes on and on, and with such obvious and credible results in the field, it’s clear that not only governments, but big corporations, like Sony, would want to capitalize on this too.

“These disturbing phenomena (ESP) seem to deny all our scientific ideas. How we should like to discredit them! Unfortunately the statistical evidence, at least for telepathy, is overwhelming.”

According to Dr. Dean Radin, Chief Scientist at the Institute of Noetic Sciences, which was founded by Apollo 14 astronaut Dr. Edgar Mitchell, “Quiet research programs examining thee and other exotic technological possibilities have been under way for several years in academic and industrial laboratories.”

He shares this information in one of his books, The Conscious Universefrom which I obtained the quotes and information below. It’s an extremely fascinating read, and this article doesn’t do it any justice, so please check it out if you’re interested in these types of phenomena.

“Action at a Distance,” or the ability of mind to influence matter, is very real, and has tremendous implications.

In his book, Radin cites a story that appeared in the December 10, 1995 issue of the South China Morning Post — the same year the U.S. government declassified the Stargate Program, mentioned above:

SONY, the corporation which revolutionized the world of audio and electronics, has acknowledged it is conducting research into alternative medicine, spoon bending, X-ray vision, telepathy and other forms of extra-sensory perception (ESP).

The institute of Wisdom was founded in 1989 at the instigation of Sony’s founder. . . . The company believes it has proved the existence of ESP, and is already developing a diagnostic machine based on the principles of oriental medicine. . . .

A sub-division of the institute, Extra-Sensory Perception Excitation Research, has worked with more than 100 possessors of ESP. In one test, subjects were presented with two black plastic containers, one of them containing platinum, the other empty. Psychic individuals were able to “see” the platinum seven times out of 10.

Yoishira Sako, a former specialist in artificial intelligence who heads the four man research team, believes commercial applications could apply to his research. “We haven’t come up with such great results so far, he said, “But if we eventually discover that ki energy is based on a kind of information transmission, it would lead to a complete energy revolution. If we can understand the mechanisms of telepathy, it would totally transform communication methods.

This was more than a decade ago, and with all of this research being locked up in Special Access Programs (read more about those here) or otherwise hidden, how are we ever going to have any transparency? Radin makes this point in his book, and highlights how corporations are the same way, reluctant to publicize their interests and findings. But he does provide two more examples, Bell Laboratories and the Contel Technology Centre:

At Bell Labs in the 1980s, I explored mind-matter interaction effects to see whether certain electronic circuits might be susceptible to psi influences, some aspects of this research achieved the Bell Labs imprimatur. At Contel in the early 1990s, I began to experiment with commercially-available, off the shelf electronics to see if ordinary components were susceptible to psi influences. This was an important first step toward building psi based devices, because unless scientists are able to demonstrate proof of principle with existing hardware and software, they will have no hope of obtaining funding to create speculative, custom-made microelectronics from scratch.

He then goes on to share his experience developing a random key for a highly secure data encryption method, where he used a random number generator on a single chip.

“I conducted two psi experiments using this chip, and both were successful in demonstrating mind-matter interaction influences precisely where I had predicted they would appear.”

A prototype was then built, approved, and tested. The test consisted of 10 volunteers who were asked to mentally influence the random system in strictly prescribed ways, and eventually, a patent disclosure was prepared.

“Unfortunately, immediately after we complete the prototyping tests, GTE corporation merged with Contel, and the disruption of the merger halted our efforts on this project.”

*** Quantum Theory Predicts That The Future Could Be Influencing The Past

Quantum Theory Predicts That The Future Could Be Influencing The Past (Yes You Read That Correctly)


Physicist and Nobel laureate Richard Feynman once said, “We choose to examine a phenomenon which is impossible, absolutely impossible, to explain in any classical way, and which has in it the heart of quantum mechanics. In reality, it contains the only mystery.”


And it’s true. Multiple theories, such as quantum entanglement, have exited the theoretical realm and been confirmed within the mainstream. Even browsing through some previously classified documents in the CIA’s electronic reading room, you can see how Black Budget science confirmed some of these topics decades ago, yet we never heard about it through the mainstream. Here is a prime example of a document on quantum entanglement. From this document we can see that its existence was confirmed decades ago.

What’s also interesting about that document is that it discusses telepathy, a phenomenon directly related to and made possible by discoveries within quantum physics. “Parapsychology” pr “Psi” and quantum physics go hand in hand.

Now, a recent paper, published in Proceedings of The Royal Society Asupports the argument that quantum theory must be “retrocausal,”or that an effect can occur before its cause.

Hard to wrap your head around, isn’t it? But just because something cannot be understood, does not mean it isn’t real, and we shouldn’t dismiss things we don’t understand. This is often seen with concepts like telepathy, even though they’ve been confirmed and verified, if covertly.

Take this document, for example, which examines the “paranormal ability to break through spatial barriers.”

Lis Zyga from Phys.org points out the appeal of retrocausality:

First, to clarify what retrocausality is and isn’t: It does not mean that signals can be communicated from the future to the past—such signaling would be forbidden even in a retrocausal theory due to thermodynamic reasons. Instead, retrocausality means that, when an experimenter chooses the measurement setting with which to measure a particle, that decision can influence the properties of that particle (or another particle) in the past, even before the experimenter made their choice. In other words, a decision made in the present can influence something in the past.

Clearly, if this theory is correct, our concept of “time” is flawed — physical processes can actually run forward and backwards while being described by the same physical laws.

Zyga, however, makes some comments that show a lack of awareness with regards to certain concepts, as she argues that “the whole idea of retrocausality is so difficult to accept because we don’t ever see it anywhere else. The same is true of action at a distance.”

Action at a distance is the idea that physical systems can be moved, changed, or influenced without being physically touched by anything else. It refers to the nonlocal interaction of objects that are separated in space. Again, this has been shown to be a real phenomenon, and it’s been well documented multiple times. So, the statement that “we don’t really see it anywhere else” actually isn’t true.

Another great example, using quantum systems, comes from a paper published in the peer-reviewed journal Physics Essays. It explains how this experiment has been used repeatedly to explore the role of consciousness in shaping the nature of physical reality.

It was published by Dr. Dean Radin, who you will see in the lecture below. He’s the chief scientist at the Institute of Noetic Sciences.

He produced incredible results: Human intention, via meditators, was able to actually collapse the quantum wave function. The meditators were the “observer” in this case.

In fact, as Radin points out in his lecture, a “5 sigma” result was able to give CERN the Nobel Prize in 2013 for finding the Higgs particle (which turned out not to be Higgs after all). In this study, they also received a 5 sigma result when testing meditators against non-meditators in collapsing the quantum wave function. This means that mental activity, the human mind,  attention, and intention, which are a few labels under the umbrella of consciousness, compelled physical matter to act in a certain way.

“Observations not only disturb what has to be measured, they produce it. . . . We compel [the electron] to assume a definite position. . . . We ourselves produce the results of the measurement.”

If this weren’t true, then why, for example, would the American Institutes for Research arrive at the following conclusion about action at a distance?:

The statistical results of the studies examined are far beyond what is expected by chance. Arguments that these results could be due to methodological flaws in the experiments are soundly refuted. Effects of similar magnitude to those found in government-sponsored research at SRI and SAIC have been replicated at a number of laboratories across the world. Such consistency cannot be readily explained by claims of flaws or fraud.

Even as far back as 1985, a report prepared by the Army Research Institute disclosed that “the data reviewed in this report constitute genuine scientific anomalies for which no one has an adequate explanation for.”

This new paper, published by Matthew S. Leifer from Chapman University in California and Mathew F. Pusey from the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics in Ontario, Canada, wanted to find out if time, like matter, behaves differently at the quantum scale.

The researchers developed a model, based on action at a distance, where they exchanged space for time. So, as entanglement shows, there is really no separation between objects, or information is actually travelling faster than the speed of light.  But, if causality ran backwards, this would posit that the particle in the present could actually affect the particle that it was/is entangled with, back through time. Meaning that, not only are two particles connected, showing that space is just the concept that provides the illusion of separation, they are also still “entangled,” regardless of time, which is why there are quantum theories predicting that what happens in the present can actually change what happened in the past.

The Delayed Choice/Quantum Eraser 

The delayed choice/quantum eraser experiment has been used multiple times, as well as repeated, to show how time doesn’t exist in the way we currently understand it. In 2007, (Science 315, 966, 2007) scientists in France shot photons into an apparatus and showed that their actions could retroactively change something which had already happened.

As Asher Peres, a pioneer in quantum information theory, once pointed out: “If we attempt to attribute an objective meaning to the quantum state of a single system, curious paradoxes appear: quantum effects mimic not only instantaneous action-at-a-distance, but also, as seen here, influence of future actions on past events, even after these events have been irrevocably recorded.” 

Wheeler’s Cosmic Scale Explanation of the Delayed Choice Experiment

John Wheeler uses a great analogy to illustrate a portion of this concept.

He asks us to imagine a star emitting a photon billions of years ago, heading in the direction of planet Earth. In between, there is a galaxy. As a result of what’s known as “gravitational lensing,” the light will have to bend around the galaxy in order to reach Earth, so it has to take one of two paths, go left or go right. Billions of years later, if one decides to set up an apparatus to “catch” the photon, the resulting pattern would be an interference pattern. This demonstrates that the photon took one way, and it took the other way as well.

One could also “peek” at the incoming photon by setting up a telescope on each side of the galaxy to determine which side the photon took to reach Earth. As we know from the double slit experiment, the very act of measuring or “watching” which way the photon comes in means it can only come in from one side. The pattern will no longer be an interference pattern representing multiple possibilities, but a single clump pattern showing “one” way.

What does this mean? It means how we choose to measure the “now” affects what direction the photon took billions of years ago. Our choice in the present moment affects what has already happened in the past.

Quantum entanglement exists, regardless of time, which means two bits of matter (physical systems) can actually be entangled in time.














New theory of gravity might explain dark matter

New theory of gravity might explain dark matter

November 8, 2016

New theory of gravity might explain dark matter

Credit: Wikipedia

A new theory of gravity might explain the curious motions of stars in galaxies. Emergent gravity, as the new theory is called, predicts the exact same deviation of motions that is usually explained by invoking dark matter. Prof. Erik Verlinde, renowned expert in string theory at the University of Amsterdam and the Delta Institute for Theoretical Physics, published a new research paper today in which he expands his groundbreaking views on the nature of gravity.

In 2010, Erik Verlinde surprised the world with a completely new theory of gravity. According to Verlinde, gravity is not a fundamental force of nature, but an emergent phenomenon. In the same way that temperature arises from the movement of microscopic particles, gravity emerges from the changes of fundamental bits of information, stored in the very structure of spacetime.


Newton's law from information

In his 2010 article (On the origin of gravity and the laws of Newton), Verlinde showed how Newton's famous second law, which describes how apples fall from trees and satellites stay in orbit, can be derived from these underlying microscopic building blocks. Extending his previous work and work done by others, Verlinde now shows how to understand the curious behaviour of stars in galaxies without adding the puzzling dark matter.

The outer regions of galaxies, like our own Milky Way, rotate much faster around the centre than can be accounted for by the quantity of ordinary matter like stars, planets and interstellar gasses. Something else has to produce the required amount of gravitational force, so physicists proposed the existence of dark matter. Dark matter seems to dominate our universe, comprising more than 80 percent of all matter. Hitherto, the alleged dark matter particles have never been observed, despite many efforts to detect them.


No need for dark matter

According to Erik Verlinde, there is no need to add a mysterious dark matter particle to the theory. In a new paper, which appeared today on the ArXiv preprint server, Verlinde shows how his theory of gravity accurately predicts the velocities by which the stars rotate around the center of the Milky Way, as well as the motion of stars inside other galaxies.

"We have evidence that this new view of gravity actually agrees with the observations, " says Verlinde. "At large scales, it seems, gravity just doesn't behave the way Einstein's theory predicts."

At first glance, Verlinde's theory presents features similar to modified theories of gravity like MOND (modified Newtonian Dynamics, Mordehai Milgrom (1983)). However, where MOND tunes the theory to match the observations, Verlinde's theory starts from first principles. "A totally different starting point," according to Verlinde.

Adapting the holographic principle

One of the ingredients in Verlinde's theory is an adaptation of the holographic principle, introduced by his tutor Gerard 't Hooft (Nobel Prize 1999, Utrecht University) and Leonard Susskind (Stanford University). According to the holographic principle, all the information in the entire universe can be described on a giant imaginary sphere around it. Verlinde now shows that this idea is not quite correct—part of the information in our universe is contained in space itself.

This extra information is required to describe that other dark component of the universe: Dark energy, which is believed to be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. Investigating the effects of this additional information on ordinary matter, Verlinde comes to a stunning conclusion. Whereas ordinary gravity can be encoded using the information on the imaginary sphere around the universe, as he showed in his 2010 work, the result of the additional information in the bulk of space is a force that nicely matches that attributed to dark matter.


On the brink of a scientific revolution

Gravity is in dire need of new approaches like the one by Verlinde, since it doesn't combine well with quantum physics. Both theories, crown jewels of 20th century physics, cannot be true at the same time. The problems arise in extreme conditions: near black holes, or during the Big Bang. Verlinde says, "Many theoretical physicists like me are working on a revision of the theory, and some major advancements have been made. We might be standing on the brink of a new scientific revolution that will radically change our views on the very nature of space, time and gravity."


* Explore further: 3 knowns and 3 unknowns about dark matter

More information: Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe, E. P. Verlinde, 7 Nov 2016. arxiv.org/abs/1611.02269

Provided by: Delta Institute for Theoretical Physics